Adiponectin is one of the more interesting hormones in metabolic research: a fat-derived signal whose levels fall exactly when the body needs more of it, in obesity and insulin resistance.1 For two decades, turning that biology into a drug has run into the same obstacle — the native hormone is a large, heavily modified, multimeric…
Most GLP-1 receptor agonists activate the receptor’s two main signalling arms — cAMP production and β-arrestin recruitment — more or less together. Ecnoglutide (XW003) was engineered to separate them, favouring cAMP while limiting β-arrestin recruitment, the pathway most associated with receptor desensitisation. That design choice, and a 2026 regulatory approval in China, have made ecnoglutide…
ATX-304 goes by a chemistry-lab name, but it began as O304, a compound built to activate every isoform of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) at once — the enzyme that senses when a cell is short on energy and tells it to start burning fuel. It is not a peptide; it is a small molecule, taken…
A 2026 state-of-play on MOTS-c: the narrow FDA advisory vote, the June 2026 stromal-cell study that complicates the story, and what the human evidence shows.
Survodutide’s phase 3 body-composition substudy reported 34% less visceral fat and 63% less liver fat. What the lean-mass number does and doesn’t show.
Petrelintide and amycretin put amylin receptor agonism to the test: less weight loss than incretins, far better GI tolerability. RUO reference overview.
A 2026 Copenhagen study reports MOTS-c improved intrinsic muscle mitochondrial quality in mice via PGC-1α and AMPK — without more mitochondria. RUO analysis.
Mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) like humanin and MOTS-c are encoded inside mtDNA and act like hormones. What the cell, animal and human data actually show.
Exendin-4, the founding molecule of the GLP-1 drug class, was isolated from Gila monster venom by John Eng in 1992. The science-history behind the lizard peptide.
A deflationary scorecard of popular longevity compounds ranked by real human RCT evidence: rapamycin, metformin, NAD precursors, spermidine, urolithin A and more.
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