{
"title": "NMN (beta-nicotinamide mononucleotide) literature and trial census",
"publisher": "Condor Research",
"date": "2026-10-17",
"license": "CC BY 4.0",
"method": {
"pubmed_query": "(\"nicotinamide mononucleotide\"[tiab] OR \"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide\"[mh] OR \"beta-nicotinamide mononucleotide\"[tiab] OR \"beta-NMN\"[tiab] OR \"nicotinamide ribotide\"[tiab] OR \"nicotinamide ribonucleotide\"[tiab] OR \"MIB-626\"[tiab] OR \"fosribnicotinamide\"[tiab] OR NMN[tiab])",
"pubmed_query_date": "2026-10-17",
"classification": "deterministic rules on title, abstract, MeSH and publication type (census.py), human interventional studies curated by hand from abstracts and full texts",
"ctgov": {
"intr": "\"nicotinamide mononucleotide\" OR \"beta-nicotinamide mononucleotide\" OR \"MIB-626\" OR NMN",
"term": "\"nicotinamide mononucleotide\" OR \"MIB-626\""
},
"note": "Doses, routes and schedules are deliberately omitted."
},
"summary": {
"pubmed_retrieved": 2545,
"off_target": 632,
"nmn_relevant": 1913,
"role_groups": {
"NMN tested as an intervention": 626,
"review": 217,
"chemistry, analytics, production": 367,
"NAD pathway biology (NMN as metabolite or substrate)": 689,
"commentary/erratum": 14
},
"exposure_total": 626,
"exposure_by_model": {
"in vitro": 151,
"animal": 438,
"human (secondary report, protocol or comment)": 9,
"human": 25,
"other (plant)": 3
},
"reviews": 217,
"origin_group_exposure": {
"imai": 16,
"sinclair": 12,
"any": 28,
"share": 0.045,
"pre2018_total": 71,
"pre2018_origin": 10
},
"human": {
"n_studies": 25,
"participants_total": 894,
"median_n": 30,
"max_n": 108,
"placebo_or_controlled_randomised": 18,
"countries": {
"Japan": 12,
"USA": 4,
"China": 4,
"India": 2,
"Switzerland": 1,
"Taiwan": 1,
"Norway": 1
},
"funding": {
"industry_linked": 8,
"industry_funded": 12,
"independent": 5
},
"clinical_primary": {
"n": 13,
"met": {
"yes": 2,
"partial": 6,
"no": 5
}
},
"biomarker_safety_primary": {
"n": 12,
"met": {
"yes": 11,
"no": 1
}
},
"nad_measured": 17,
"nad_increased": 15,
"industry_clinical_met": {
"yes": 1,
"partial": 5,
"no": 3
},
"independent_clinical_met": {
"yes": 1,
"no": 2,
"partial": 1
},
"controlled": 19,
"ci_reported_controlled": 1,
"controlled_with_designated_primary": 16,
"ci_unknown_abstract_only": 3,
"no_registration_located": 4,
"registry_mismatch": [
"36482258",
"40746868"
],
"funding_sensitivity_funded_only": 0.48,
"longest_weeks": 24,
"reviews_per_trial": 8.7
},
"registry": {
"ctgov_query_date": "2026-10-17",
"nmn_interventional": 37,
"status": {
"COMPLETED": 16,
"RECRUITING": 12,
"UNKNOWN": 5,
"TERMINATED": 1,
"NOT_YET_RECRUITING": 3
},
"lead_class": {
"OTHER_GOV": 1,
"OTHER": 22,
"INDUSTRY": 13,
"NETWORK": 1
},
"completed_or_terminated": 17,
"completed_no_pubmed_results": 11,
"completed_no_pub_over_12_months": 10,
"median_months_unpublished": 21.5,
"participants_unpublished_completed": 620,
"results_posted_ctgov": 2,
"sensitivity": {
"exclude_completed_under_12_months": "10/16",
"count_registry_results_as_reported": "9/17",
"exclude_terminated": "10/16"
},
"ctgov_index_counts_previous": {
"ct_total": 49,
"ct_intervencion": 39
}
}
},
"version": "1.0-rc",
"data_dictionary": {
"records[]": {
"pmid": "PubMed ID",
"year": "publication year",
"title": "PubMed title (bibliographic data)",
"journal": "ISO abbreviation",
"relevance": "core = names nicotinamide mononucleotide or synonym/MeSH; context = 'NMN' abbreviation in NAD+ context; off-target = 'NMN' with another meaning",
"role": "exposure (NMN given as tested agent) | enzymology/metabolism | metabolite/mention | SARM1/axon | chemistry/analytical/production | review | commentary/erratum | off-target",
"model": "for exposure: animal | in vitro | human | human (secondary report, protocol or comment) | other (plant)",
"country_first_author": "parsed from first-author affiliation; null if not parsed",
"origin_group": "Imai (WashU) and/or Sinclair (Harvard) among authors",
"manual_review": "true if the rule-based label was reviewed and overridden by hand (v0.9)"
},
"human_trials[]": {
"pmid": "PubMed ID of primary report",
"country": "where conducted (sponsor in brackets)",
"design": "design without dose, route, timing or schedule",
"n": "participants randomised or enrolled as reported",
"duration": "intervention period",
"primary": "primary endpoint as designated by authors/registry",
"primary_type": "clinical | biomarker_safety",
"between_group_primary": "reported between-group result on the primary endpoint (or within-group if that is all that is reported)",
"ci_reported": "whether a confidence interval for the primary comparison is published",
"attrition": "randomised/enrolled vs analysed",
"risk_of_bias": "simplified judgement on RoB 2 domains; not a formal RoB 2",
"registry_match": "correspondence between registered and reported primary endpoint",
"nad_blood": "blood NAD+ result",
"funding": "industry_funded | industry_linked | independent (see codigos)",
"registration": "registry ID"
},
"registered_trials_ctgov[]": {
"nct": "ClinicalTrials.gov ID",
"status": "overall status",
"completion": "completion date",
"results_posted": "results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov",
"pubmed_results_pmid": "PMID of results article located in PubMed at cut-off, else null",
"months_since_completion": "months from completion to 2026-10-17",
"note": "matching notes"
},
"tables_static": "regulatory status by jurisdiction and stability data, as shown on the page",
"units": "counts are PubMed records (not studies) unless stated; human figures are studies (primary reports); registry figures are registrations"
},
"human_trials": [
{
"pmid": "31685720",
"first_author": "Irie",
"year": 2020,
"journal": "Endocr J",
"country": "Japan",
"design": "single-arm, non-randomised",
"n": 10,
"duration": "single administration, 5 h follow-up",
"population": "healthy men",
"primary": "safety and pharmacokinetics",
"primary_type": "biomarker_safety",
"primary_met": "yes",
"nad_blood": "metabolites only",
"funding": "industry_linked",
"funding_note": "NMN supplied by Oriental Yeast; three Shionogi employees among authors; senior author received Oriental Yeast funding; co-author patents licensed to MetroBiotech and Teijin",
"registration": "UMIN000021309",
"between_group_primary": "none (single arm)",
"ci_reported": "n/a",
"attrition": "not reported",
"risk_of_bias": "n/a: uncontrolled",
"registry_match": "UMIN000021309 not checked",
"controlled": false
},
{
"pmid": "33888596",
"first_author": "Yoshino",
"year": 2021,
"journal": "Science",
"country": "USA",
"design": "RCT, double-blind, placebo",
"n": 25,
"duration": "10 weeks",
"population": "postmenopausal women with prediabetes and overweight/obesity",
"primary": "muscle insulin sensitivity (clamp)",
"primary_type": "clinical",
"primary_met": "yes",
"nad_blood": "increased (PBMC)",
"funding": "industry_linked",
"funding_note": "NIH-funded; NMN and placebo provided by Oriental Yeast; co-author receives NMN patent-licensing fees (MetroBiotech, Teijin)",
"registration": "NCT03151239",
"between_group_primary": "significant time × condition × group interaction for insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (P = 0.022), followed by post hoc tests showing an increase with NMN and no change with placebo; no estimate or CI of the NMN-minus-placebo contrast",
"ci_reported": "no",
"attrition": "25 randomised, 25 analysed",
"risk_of_bias": "some concerns: small; contrast reported as an interaction test without an effect estimate",
"registry_match": "matches NCT03151239 (muscle insulin sensitivity)",
"controlled": true
},
{
"pmid": "34238308",
"first_author": "Liao",
"year": 2021,
"journal": "J Int Soc Sports Nutr",
"country": "China",
"design": "RCT, double-blind, placebo, 4 arms",
"n": 48,
"duration": "6 weeks",
"population": "recreational runners",
"primary": "aerobic capacity (CPET); no single primary designated",
"primary_type": "clinical",
"primary_met": "partial",
"nad_blood": "not reported",
"funding": "industry_linked",
"funding_note": "public grant; all materials incl. placebo provided by GeneHarbor (Hong Kong) Biotechnologies",
"registration": "ChiCTR2000035138",
"between_group_primary": "ventilatory-threshold measures higher than control in two of three NMN arms (Cohen's d with 95% CI in paper); VO2max, O2-pulse and peak power not different",
"ci_reported": "n/a: no single designated primary (between-group effect sizes with CIs reported for ventilatory-threshold measures)",
"attrition": "48 randomised; analysed n not stated in abstract",
"risk_of_bias": "some concerns: no single primary designated; many arm-by-arm comparisons",
"registry_match": "ChiCTR2000035138 not checked",
"controlled": true
},
{
"pmid": "35215405",
"first_author": "Kim",
"year": 2022,
"journal": "Nutrients",
"country": "Japan",
"design": "RCT, double-blind, placebo, 4 groups",
"n": 108,
"duration": "12 weeks",
"population": "older adults",
"primary": "sleep quality and fatigue",
"primary_type": "clinical",
"primary_met": "partial",
"nad_blood": "not measured",
"funding": "industry_funded",
"funding_note": "funded and supplied by Mitsubishi Corporation Life Sciences; three company employees co-authors; COI statement reads 'no conflict of interest'",
"registration": "UMIN000038097",
"between_group_primary": "no significant group-by-time interaction for sleep quality (PSQI); interactions for drowsiness and chair-stand, with improvement also in a placebo group",
"ci_reported": "no",
"attrition": "108 randomised; analysed n not stated in abstract",
"risk_of_bias": "some concerns: four-group design with many outcomes; registry record not checked",
"registry_match": "UMIN000038097 (cited in Methods) not checked",
"controlled": true
},
{
"pmid": "35479740",
"first_author": "Okabe",
"year": 2022,
"journal": "Front Nutr",
"country": "Japan",
"design": "RCT, double-blind, placebo",
"n": 30,
"duration": "12 weeks",
"population": "healthy adults",
"primary": "safety",
"primary_type": "biomarker_safety",
"primary_met": "yes",
"nad_blood": "increased (whole blood)",
"funding": "industry_funded",
"funding_note": "funded by Mitsubishi Corporation Life Sciences, which manufactured NMN and placebo",
"registration": "jRCTs041200034",
"between_group_primary": "no between-group differences in safety measures; whole-blood NAD+ higher than placebo",
"ci_reported": "no",
"attrition": "30 randomised (15/15)",
"risk_of_bias": "low to some concerns: small; registered",
"registry_match": "matches jRCTs041200034 (safety)",
"controlled": true
},
{
"pmid": "35821806",
"first_author": "Huang",
"year": 2022,
"journal": "Front Aging",
"country": "India (sponsor China)",
"design": "RCT, double-blind, placebo",
"n": 66,
"duration": "60 days",
"population": "healthy adults 40-65",
"primary": "co-primaries: serum NAD+/NADH, 6-min walk, blood pressure, SF-36",
"primary_type": "clinical",
"primary_met": "partial",
"nad_blood": "increased (serum NAD+/NADH)",
"funding": "industry_funded",
"funding_note": "sole author employed by Effepharm (Shanghai), the product's manufacturer and the EU novel-food applicant",
"registration": "NCT04228640",
"between_group_primary": "serum NAD+/NADH +38% from baseline vs +14.3% with placebo (within-group); HOMA-IR difference not significant",
"ci_reported": "no",
"attrition": "66 randomised, 62 analysed per protocol",
"risk_of_bias": "high: per-protocol, within-group comparisons, sole author employed by sponsor",
"registry_match": "matches NCT04228640 co-primaries",
"controlled": true
},
{
"pmid": "35927255",
"first_author": "Igarashi",
"year": 2022,
"journal": "NPJ Aging",
"country": "Japan",
"design": "RCT, double-blind, placebo",
"n": 42,
"duration": "6 or 12 weeks",
"population": "healthy older men",
"primary": "blood NAD+ and skeletal muscle index",
"primary_type": "clinical",
"primary_met": "partial",
"nad_blood": "increased (whole blood)",
"funding": "industry_funded",
"funding_note": "funded by Mitsubishi Corporation Life Sciences, which provided NMN; three employees co-authors",
"registration": "UMIN000036321",
"between_group_primary": "skeletal muscle index not different from placebo; blood NAD+ higher than placebo; gait speed and left grip nominal only",
"ci_reported": "no",
"attrition": "42 randomised; at week 6 a supplier error gave 11 participants per group the other supplement; week-12 data of these 22 were excluded by ethics-committee decision, leaving 20 (10 per group) at 12 weeks",
"risk_of_bias": "high: supplier allocation error; 22 of 42 participants' week-12 data excluded, disrupting the randomised balance (acknowledged by the authors)",
"registry_match": "UMIN000036321 not checked",
"controlled": true
},
{
"pmid": "36002548",
"first_author": "Fukamizu",
"year": 2022,
"journal": "Sci Rep",
"country": "Japan",
"design": "RCT, double-blind, placebo",
"n": 31,
"duration": "4 weeks",
"population": "healthy adults 20-65",
"primary": "safety (haematology, biochemistry, urine, body composition, adverse events)",
"primary_type": "biomarker_safety",
"primary_met": "yes",
"nad_blood": "not measured",
"funding": "industry_funded",
"funding_note": "funded by Mitsubishi Corporation Life Sciences; five of six authors employees",
"registration": "UMIN000043084",
"between_group_primary": "no between-group differences in safety measures",
"ci_reported": "no",
"attrition": "31 randomised",
"risk_of_bias": "some concerns: small",
"registry_match": "UMIN000043084 not checked",
"controlled": true
},
{
"pmid": "36225528",
"first_author": "Kimura",
"year": 2022,
"journal": "Cureus",
"country": "Japan",
"design": "single-arm",
"n": 10,
"duration": "single session",
"population": "healthy volunteers",
"primary": "safety",
"primary_type": "biomarker_safety",
"primary_met": "yes",
"nad_blood": "increased",
"funding": "industry_linked",
"funding_note": "six of eight authors employed by StateArt Inc.",
"registration": "UMIN000047134",
"between_group_primary": "none (single arm)",
"ci_reported": "n/a",
"attrition": "10 enrolled",
"risk_of_bias": "n/a: uncontrolled",
"registry_match": "UMIN000047134 not checked",
"controlled": false
},
{
"pmid": "35182418",
"first_author": "Pencina",
"year": 2023,
"journal": "J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci",
"country": "USA",
"design": "RCT, double-blind, placebo, 3 arms",
"n": 32,
"duration": "14 days",
"population": "overweight/obese adults 55-80",
"primary": "pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (blood NMN, NAD+)",
"primary_type": "biomarker_safety",
"primary_met": "yes",
"nad_blood": "increased",
"funding": "industry_funded",
"funding_note": "funder: Metro International Biotech (Crossref); company co-author",
"registration": "not stated",
"between_group_primary": "rise in blood NMN and NAD+ vs placebo",
"ci_reported": "not reported in abstract; full text not read",
"attrition": "32 randomised",
"risk_of_bias": "some concerns: no registration cited",
"registry_match": "no registration located",
"controlled": true
},
{
"pmid": "36740954",
"first_author": "Pencina",
"year": 2023,
"journal": "J Clin Endocrinol Metab",
"country": "USA",
"design": "RCT, single-centre, double-blind, placebo, 2:1",
"n": 30,
"duration": "28 days",
"population": "overweight/obese adults >=45",
"primary": "none designated; sample size set for safety and rise in blood NAD+ and its metabolites",
"primary_type": "biomarker_safety",
"primary_met": "yes",
"nad_blood": "increased",
"funding": "industry_funded",
"funding_note": "funded by Metro International Biotech (product supplier); Metro-affiliated co-authors; infrastructure support from a Pepper Center grant",
"registration": "not stated",
"between_group_primary": "blood NAD+ rose with NMN and not with placebo (reported graphically, no between-group estimate in text). Secondary: body weight -1.9 kg (95% CI -3.3 to -0.5), diastolic blood pressure -7.0 mmHg (-13.4 to -0.6), total and LDL cholesterol lower; authors state all P values are nominal; strength, aerobic capacity, insulin sensitivity and liver fat not different",
"ci_reported": "n/a: no designated primary (CIs reported for secondary outcomes)",
"attrition": "30 randomised (21 NMN, 9 placebo); 2 did not complete; all randomised analysed",
"risk_of_bias": "some concerns: no designated primary; nominal P values across many outcomes; sponsor employees among co-authors",
"registry_match": "no registration cited in the full text",
"controlled": true,
"fulltext_read": true
},
{
"pmid": "36443648",
"first_author": "Akasaka",
"year": 2023,
"journal": "Geriatr Gerontol Int",
"country": "Japan",
"design": "RCT, double-blind, placebo",
"n": 14,
"duration": "24 weeks",
"population": "older men with diabetes and impaired physical performance",
"primary": "safety; grip strength and walking speed",
"primary_type": "clinical",
"primary_met": "no",
"nad_blood": "not reported in abstract",
"funding": "industry_funded",
"funding_note": "grant from Teijin Ltd.; Teijin-affiliated co-authors",
"registration": "not stated",
"between_group_primary": "grip strength change +1.25 kg (95% CI -2.31 to 4.81) vs -0.44 (-4.15 to 3.26); walking speed +0.033 vs +0.014 m/s; no difference",
"ci_reported": "no between-group CI in abstract (within-group CIs only); full text not read",
"attrition": "14 analysed",
"risk_of_bias": "high: very small; no registration cited",
"registry_match": "no registration located",
"controlled": true
},
{
"pmid": "36482258",
"first_author": "Yi",
"year": 2023,
"journal": "Geroscience",
"country": "India (sponsor USA/China)",
"design": "RCT, double-blind, placebo, 4 arms",
"n": 80,
"duration": "60 days",
"population": "healthy adults 40-65",
"primary": "blood NAD+",
"primary_type": "biomarker_safety",
"primary_met": "yes",
"nad_blood": "increased",
"funding": "industry_funded",
"funding_note": "fully funded by Aba Chemicals and Abinopharm (manufacturers); company co-authors",
"registration": "NCT04823260; CTRI/2021/03/032421",
"between_group_primary": "blood NAD+ higher than placebo in all NMN arms (p<=0.001)",
"ci_reported": "no",
"attrition": "80 randomised, 80 analysed",
"risk_of_bias": "some concerns: per-protocol; sponsor-run",
"registry_match": "partial: registry lists NAD+, 6-min walk, SF-36 and a telomerase part as primaries; paper reports NAD+ as sole primary and no telomerase results",
"controlled": true
},
{
"pmid": "36797393",
"first_author": "Katayoshi",
"year": 2023,
"journal": "Sci Rep",
"country": "Japan",
"design": "RCT, double-blind, placebo",
"n": 36,
"duration": "12 weeks",
"population": "healthy middle-aged adults",
"primary": "NAD+ metabolites and arterial stiffness (no single primary designated)",
"primary_type": "clinical",
"primary_met": "partial",
"nad_blood": "serum NAD+ below quantification limit; nicotinamide increased",
"funding": "industry_funded",
"funding_note": "research grant from DHC Corporation; all authors DHC; COI statement reads 'no competing interests'",
"registration": "UMIN000045205",
"between_group_primary": "serum nicotinamide higher than placebo (p=0.037); serum NAD+ below quantification limit; baPWV not different (p=0.097)",
"ci_reported": "n/a: no designated primary",
"attrition": "36 randomised; analysed n not stated in abstract",
"risk_of_bias": "some concerns: primary not designated",
"registry_match": "UMIN000045205 not checked",
"controlled": true
},
{
"pmid": "37344088",
"first_author": "Yamane",
"year": 2023,
"journal": "Clin Nutr ESPEN",
"country": "Japan",
"design": "single-arm",
"n": 11,
"duration": "12 weeks",
"population": "healthy volunteers",
"primary": "plasma NMN and NAD+ (stated aim; no primary designated)",
"primary_type": "biomarker_safety",
"primary_met": "yes",
"nad_blood": "increased (plasma)",
"funding": "industry_linked",
"funding_note": "authors affiliated with BYU-Analytica Inc.; full text declares no external funding and no competing interests; product source not stated",
"registration": "UMIN000047042",
"between_group_primary": "none (single arm)",
"ci_reported": "n/a",
"attrition": "11 recruited, 11 analysed",
"risk_of_bias": "n/a: uncontrolled",
"registry_match": "UMIN000047042 not checked",
"controlled": false,
"fulltext_read": true
},
{
"pmid": "38191197",
"first_author": "Yamaguchi",
"year": 2024,
"journal": "Endocr J",
"country": "Japan",
"design": "single-arm, open-label",
"n": 11,
"duration": "8 weeks",
"population": "healthy middle-aged men",
"primary": "safety",
"primary_type": "biomarker_safety",
"primary_met": "yes",
"nad_blood": "increased (PBMC)",
"funding": "industry_linked",
"funding_note": "NMN and placebo from Oriental Yeast (registry sponsor); senior author received Oriental Yeast funding",
"registration": "jRCTs031180242",
"between_group_primary": "none (single arm)",
"ci_reported": "n/a",
"attrition": "14 enrolled per registry, 11 reported",
"risk_of_bias": "n/a: uncontrolled",
"registry_match": "jRCTs031180242: registry reports 14 enrolled; paper reports 11",
"controlled": false
},
{
"pmid": "38789831",
"first_author": "Morifuji",
"year": 2024,
"journal": "Geroscience",
"country": "Japan",
"design": "RCT, double-blind, placebo",
"n": 60,
"duration": "12 weeks",
"population": "older adults",
"primary": "stepping test",
"primary_type": "clinical",
"primary_met": "no",
"nad_blood": "increased",
"funding": "industry_linked",
"funding_note": "three of four authors employed by Meiji Holdings",
"registration": "UMIN000047871",
"between_group_primary": "stepping test not different from placebo at 4 or 12 weeks; 4-m walking time and blood NAD+ (secondary) favoured NMN",
"ci_reported": "not reported in abstract; full text not read",
"attrition": "60 randomised",
"risk_of_bias": "some concerns",
"registry_match": "matches UMIN000047871 per paper",
"controlled": true
},
{
"pmid": "37718359",
"first_author": "Qiu",
"year": 2023,
"journal": "Signal Transduct Target Ther",
"country": "China",
"design": "randomised, open-label, NMN vs lifestyle modification (no placebo)",
"n": 21,
"duration": "6 weeks",
"population": "adults with mild essential hypertension",
"primary": "flow-mediated dilation and baPWV",
"primary_type": "clinical",
"primary_met": "yes",
"nad_blood": "increased (PBMC)",
"funding": "independent",
"funding_note": "no competing interests declared; human trial embedded in a mechanistic paper",
"registration": "NCT04903210",
"between_group_primary": "FMD and baPWV changes differed significantly in favour of NMN vs lifestyle advice",
"ci_reported": "no",
"attrition": "21 randomised, 19 analysed",
"risk_of_bias": "high: open-label, no placebo, small",
"registry_match": "matches NCT04903210 (FMD, baPWV)",
"controlled": true
},
{
"pmid": "40746868",
"first_author": "Pencina",
"year": 2025,
"journal": "FASEB Bioadv",
"country": "USA",
"design": "RCT, placebo, 3:2",
"n": 42,
"duration": "14 days",
"population": "hospitalised adults with COVID-19 and acute kidney injury",
"primary": "change in serum creatinine",
"primary_type": "clinical",
"primary_met": "no",
"nad_blood": "increased",
"funding": "industry_funded",
"funding_note": "trial funded by Metro International Biotech",
"registration": "NCT05038488",
"between_group_primary": "serum creatinine change not different from placebo; cystatin C, inflammation and severity also not different",
"ci_reported": "no (group means with 95% CIs in figures; no contrast estimate)",
"attrition": "42 randomised (3:2)",
"risk_of_bias": "some concerns",
"registry_match": "mismatch: registry primary is serum cystatin C; paper designates serum creatinine (both not different)",
"controlled": true
},
{
"pmid": "41540253",
"first_author": "Christen",
"year": 2026,
"journal": "Nat Metab",
"country": "Switzerland",
"design": "randomised, open-label, placebo, 4 arms (NR, NMN, nicotinamide, placebo)",
"n": 65,
"duration": "14 days",
"population": "healthy adults",
"primary": "whole-blood NAD+",
"primary_type": "biomarker_safety",
"primary_met": "yes",
"nad_blood": "increased",
"funding": "industry_funded",
"funding_note": "Nestle Research / Nestle Health Science employees; study run by Nestle Research",
"registration": "NCT05517122",
"between_group_primary": "whole-blood NAD+ vs placebo +43.1 µM (95% CI 32.7 to 53.4) for NMN",
"ci_reported": "yes",
"attrition": "67 randomised (15 to NMN)",
"risk_of_bias": "some concerns: open-label; objective laboratory endpoint",
"registry_match": "matches NCT05517122 (whole-blood NAD+)",
"controlled": true
},
{
"pmid": "41651893",
"first_author": "Zhao",
"year": 2026,
"journal": "Sci Rep",
"country": "China",
"design": "RCT, double-blind, placebo, 4 arms (PQQ, NMN, both, placebo)",
"n": 60,
"duration": "single session",
"population": "healthy young adults",
"primary": "interoception after exhaustive exercise",
"primary_type": "clinical",
"primary_met": "no",
"nad_blood": "not measured",
"funding": "independent",
"funding_note": "Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities",
"registration": "ChiCTR2500112623",
"between_group_primary": "no group-by-time interaction for the NMN arm on interoception scores",
"ci_reported": "no (group means with CIs; no contrast estimate)",
"attrition": "60 randomised",
"risk_of_bias": "some concerns",
"registry_match": "ChiCTR2500112623 not checked",
"controlled": true
},
{
"pmid": "41705654",
"first_author": "Yang",
"year": 2026,
"journal": "J Int Soc Sports Nutr",
"country": "Taiwan",
"design": "randomised crossover, placebo",
"n": 11,
"duration": "7 days per period",
"population": "untrained young men",
"primary": "muscle cell infiltration and mitochondrial number after BFR exercise",
"primary_type": "clinical",
"primary_met": "no",
"nad_blood": "not measured",
"funding": "independent",
"funding_note": "National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan",
"registration": "not stated",
"note": "NMN abolished the exercise-induced rise in muscle mitochondrial content",
"between_group_primary": "NMN abolished the 171% exercise-induced rise in muscle mitochondrial content seen with placebo; inflammatory mRNA lower",
"ci_reported": "no",
"attrition": "15 enrolled, 11 analysed",
"risk_of_bias": "high: 27% withdrawal; no registration cited",
"registry_match": "no registration located",
"controlled": true
},
{
"pmid": "42056497",
"first_author": "Li",
"year": 2026,
"journal": "Nat Med",
"country": "China",
"design": "single-arm, open-label, phase 1/2",
"n": 25,
"duration": "2 weeks",
"population": "adults with steroid-refractory or -dependent immune thrombocytopenia",
"primary": "safety/tolerability and platelet response",
"primary_type": "clinical",
"primary_met": "partial",
"nad_blood": "not reported in abstract",
"funding": "independent",
"funding_note": "CAMS, NSFC and Tianjin public grants; no competing interests",
"registration": "NCT06776510",
"note": "5/25 (20%) met the platelet-response endpoint; no comparator arm",
"between_group_primary": "5 of 25 (20%) met the platelet-response endpoint; no comparator",
"ci_reported": "no",
"attrition": "25 enrolled",
"risk_of_bias": "n/a: uncontrolled",
"registry_match": "NCT06776510 lists efficacy response and adverse events as primaries",
"controlled": false
},
{
"pmid": "42304075",
"first_author": "Wakabayashi",
"year": 2026,
"journal": "Sci Rep",
"country": "Japan",
"design": "randomised crossover, two administration formats",
"n": 14,
"duration": "single administrations",
"population": "healthy men",
"primary": "blood NMN (between-format difference)",
"primary_type": "biomarker_safety",
"primary_met": "no",
"nad_blood": "measured, no between-format difference",
"funding": "industry_linked",
"funding_note": "all authors employed by Meiji Holdings",
"registration": "UMIN000049530",
"between_group_primary": "no difference in blood NMN, nicotinamide or NAD+ between the two formats; terminal catabolites higher with one format",
"ci_reported": "no",
"attrition": "14 randomised, 13 completed",
"risk_of_bias": "some concerns: format comparison, no placebo",
"registry_match": "UMIN000049530 not checked",
"controlled": true
},
{
"pmid": "41858901",
"first_author": "Berven",
"year": 2026,
"journal": "iScience",
"country": "Norway",
"design": "open-label phase 1 pharmacokinetics (NR or NMN)",
"n": 12,
"duration": "several weeks",
"population": "healthy adults and people with Parkinson's disease",
"primary": "blood and cerebral NAD",
"primary_type": "biomarker_safety",
"primary_met": "yes",
"nad_blood": "increased",
"funding": "independent",
"funding_note": "Research Council of Norway and public foundations; investigators hold NR (not NMN) patents",
"registration": "NCT05698771",
"between_group_primary": "none (no control arm)",
"ci_reported": "n/a",
"attrition": "12",
"risk_of_bias": "n/a: uncontrolled",
"registry_match": "NCT05698771 (NAD metabolism)",
"controlled": false
}
],
"tables_static": {
"regulatory_2026-10-17": [
{
"jurisdiction": "EU classification",
"status": "Novel food; no significant consumption before 15 May 1997; category 3(2)(a)(i)",
"source": "Commission consultation published 2022-10-11"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "EU safety",
"status": "EFSA: β-NMN (one applicant) safe under proposed conditions for adults excl. pregnant/lactating women; bioavailable niacin source",
"source": "EFSA Journal 2026;24(5):e10007, adopted 2026-03-04"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "EU authorisation",
"status": "PAFF positive opinion 2026-09-24 on draft implementing regulation; annex names applicant EffePharm (Shanghai) Ltd.; data protection end date 5 years after entry into force; not in OJ at cut-off",
"source": "Comitology register D118035/02 (act and annex)"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "EU other procedures",
"status": "Terminated without updating Union list: 2022-03-31 C(2022) 1900; NF 2025/35790 C(2026) 6813",
"source": "Commission decisions terminating the procedure"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "United Kingdom",
"status": "RP-2116 (Effepharm) in progress, risk assessment; last modified 2026-10-01",
"source": "FSA regulated products register"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "United States",
"status": "2022-10-11 letter: excluded from dietary-supplement definition; 2025-09-29: not excluded under 201(ff)(3)(B)",
"source": "FDA docket FDA-2023-P-0872-2754"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "Japan",
"status": "MHLW WG 2019-09-13: β-NMN to the list of ingredients not judged medicines unless medicinal efficacy is claimed",
"source": "MHLW WG summary"
},
{
"jurisdiction": "WADA",
"status": "Not named on 2026 list; S0 applicability not ruled on",
"source": "WADA 2026 Prohibited List"
}
],
"stability": [
{
"source": "EFSA 2026 (applicant data)",
"condition": "dry solid, sealed; 40 °C/75% RH 6 months; 25 °C/60% RH 24 months",
"result": "parameters unchanged; water ≤1.0% spec"
},
{
"source": "Xiang 2023 (PMID 38212023)",
"condition": "aqueous solution, room temperature, HPLC",
"result": "first-order; t0.9 95.58 h; t1/2 860.26 h; faster at high T and extreme pH"
},
{
"source": "Mills 2016 (PMID 28068222)",
"condition": "drinking water, room temperature",
"result": "93–99% intact after 7–10 days"
},
{
"source": "Zhou 2024 (PMID 36617938)",
"condition": "forced degradation",
"result": "significant degradation under base and heat"
},
{
"source": "Kulikova 2019 (PMID 31795381)",
"condition": "culture medium ± serum",
"result": "serum enzymes convert NMN to NR"
}
]
},
"blind_double_coding": {
"sample": 382,
"sample_share_of_census": 0.15,
"seed": 20261017,
"coder2": "independent blind coder (separate model instance) with written codebook; no access to coder-1 labels",
"relevance_nmn_vs_other": {
"agreement": 0.801,
"kappa": 0.574,
"n": 382
},
"intervention_vs_not": {
"agreement": 0.95,
"kappa": 0.871,
"n": 382
},
"role_5_groups_plus_other": {
"agreement": 0.691,
"kappa": 0.592,
"n": 382
},
"model_when_both_intervention": {
"agreement": 0.856,
"kappa": 0.71,
"n": 90
},
"disagreements_intervention": [
"19426698",
"21518975",
"26686637",
"31748226",
"31898286",
"31988240",
"35032339",
"36317130",
"38803014",
"39167557",
"39169162",
"40471104",
"40947244",
"42414524",
"42471920",
"42574365",
"42811274",
"42816692",
"8109965"
],
"confusion_intervention": {
"c1=False|c2=False": 273,
"c1=True|c2=True": 90,
"c1=False|c2=True": 9,
"c1=True|c2=False": 10
},
"first_pass_intervention_vs_not": {
"agreement": 0.882,
"kappa": 0.648,
"n": 382,
"note": "rules before revision; computed 2026-10-17 before any change prompted by coder-2 disagreements"
}
},
"registered_trials_ctgov": [
{
"nct": "NCT05882214",
"status": "COMPLETED",
"start": "2024-05-01",
"completion": "2025-04-06",
"enrollment": 22,
"lead_sponsor": "Zhejiang Chinese Medical University",
"lead_class": "OTHER_GOV",
"countries": [
"China"
],
"primary_outcomes": [
"Ethanol concentration",
"Acetaldehyde concentration",
"Hepatic fibrosis change",
"hepatic function change",
"hepatic injury change",
"Lipid metabolism change",
"hangover cognition assessment tools after drinking"
],
"results_posted": false,
"pubmed_results_pmid": null,
"months_since_completion": 18.4,
"note": null
},
{
"nct": "NCT06426355",
"status": "RECRUITING",
"start": "2023-10-01",
"completion": "2027-02",
"enrollment": 200,
"lead_sponsor": "Peking University Third Hospital",
"lead_class": "OTHER",
"countries": [
"China"
],
"primary_outcomes": [
"The clinical pregnancy rate"
],
"results_posted": false,
"pubmed_results_pmid": null,
"months_since_completion": null,
"note": null
},
{
"nct": "NCT04228640",
"status": "COMPLETED",
"start": "2020-12-15",
"completion": "2021-03-30",
"enrollment": 66,
"lead_sponsor": "EffePharm LTD",
"lead_class": "INDUSTRY",
"countries": [
"India"
],
"primary_outcomes": [
"Blood cellular NAD+ concentration in serum",
"Blood cellular NAD+ concentration in serum",
"Blood cellular NAD+ concentration in serum",
"Blood cellular NADH concentration in serum",
"Blood cellular NADH concentration in serum",
"Blood cellular NADH concentration in serum",
"Six minutes walking endurance test",
"Six minutes walking endurance test",
"Six minutes walking endurance test",
"Systolic",
"Systolic",
"Systolic",
"Diastolic blood pressure",
"Diastolic blood pressure",
"Diastolic blood pressure",
"Pulse pressure",
"Pulse pressure",
"Pulse pressure",
"SF-36 questionnaire",
"SF-36 questionnaire",
"SF-36 questionnaire"
],
"results_posted": false,
"pubmed_results_pmid": "35821806",
"months_since_completion": 66.6,
"note": null
},
{
"nct": "NCT05517122",
"status": "COMPLETED",
"start": "2022-07-12",
"completion": "2022-11-24",
"enrollment": 68,
"lead_sponsor": "Société des Produits Nestlé (SPN)",
"lead_class": "INDUSTRY",
"countries": [
"Switzerland"
],
"primary_outcomes": [
"Determine the extent of increase in NAD+ level in whole blood, for each NAD+ precursor (NAM, NR and NMN) compared to placebo",
"Compare the extent of increase in NAD+ level in whole blood across the 3 NAD+ precursors (NAM, NR and NMN)"
],
"results_posted": false,
"pubmed_results_pmid": "41540253",
"months_since_completion": 46.7,
"note": null
},
{
"nct": "NCT04817111",
"status": "COMPLETED",
"start": "2021-05-17",
"completion": "2022-05-19",
"enrollment": 7,
"lead_sponsor": "Metro International Biotech, LLC",
"lead_class": "INDUSTRY",
"countries": [
"United States"
],
"primary_outcomes": [
"Percentage of Individuals With Treatment-emergent Adverse Events as Assessed by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 5.0."
],
"results_posted": true,
"pubmed_results_pmid": null,
"months_since_completion": 53.0,
"note": "results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov 2023-07-17; no peer-reviewed report found"
},
{
"nct": "NCT05485610",
"status": "UNKNOWN",
"start": "2022-07-01",
"completion": "2025-12-31",
"enrollment": 200,
"lead_sponsor": "Peking University Third Hospital",
"lead_class": "OTHER",
"countries": [
"China"
],
"primary_outcomes": [
"The comparison of the gut microbiota composition",
"The alterations of gut metabolites",
"Blood sugar level",
"Fasting insulin",
"Endocrine hormones including AMH",
"Ovarian volume",
"Follicle number",
"Blood NAD+ level",
"Changes in NAD-related metabolites in urine"
],
"results_posted": false,
"pubmed_results_pmid": null,
"months_since_completion": 9.5,
"note": null
},
{
"nct": "NCT05040321",
"status": "COMPLETED",
"start": "2021-12-01",
"completion": "2026-04-30",
"enrollment": 22,
"lead_sponsor": "Brigham and Women's Hospital",
"lead_class": "OTHER",
"countries": [
"United States"
],
"primary_outcomes": [
"change in CSF concentrations of MIB-626"
],
"results_posted": false,
"pubmed_results_pmid": null,
"months_since_completion": 5.6,
"note": null
},
{
"nct": "NCT05759468",
"status": "RECRUITING",
"start": "2023-04-13",
"completion": "2027-03-31",
"enrollment": 156,
"lead_sponsor": "Brigham and Women's Hospital",
"lead_class": "OTHER",
"countries": [
"United States"
],
"primary_outcomes": [
"The primary endpoint is the change from baseline in UACR over the 6-month intervention period."
],
"results_posted": false,
"pubmed_results_pmid": null,
"months_since_completion": null,
"note": null
},
{
"nct": "NCT03151239",
"status": "COMPLETED",
"start": "2017-07-01",
"completion": "2021-06-30",
"enrollment": 25,
"lead_sponsor": "Washington University School of Medicine",
"lead_class": "OTHER",
"countries": [
"United States"
],
"primary_outcomes": [
"Change in muscle insulin sensitivity"
],
"results_posted": false,
"pubmed_results_pmid": "33888596",
"months_since_completion": 63.6,
"note": null
},
{
"nct": "NCT04571008",
"status": "COMPLETED",
"start": "2020-10-01",
"completion": "2025-03-04",
"enrollment": 56,
"lead_sponsor": "Washington University School of Medicine",
"lead_class": "OTHER",
"countries": [
"United States"
],
"primary_outcomes": [
"Change in Muscle Insulin Sensitivity"
],
"results_posted": true,
"pubmed_results_pmid": null,
"months_since_completion": 19.4,
"note": "results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov 2026-03-11; no peer-reviewed report found"
},
{
"nct": "NCT05175768",
"status": "TERMINATED",
"start": "2021-12-27",
"completion": "2022-07-16",
"enrollment": 69,
"lead_sponsor": "Vedic Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd.",
"lead_class": "INDUSTRY",
"countries": [
"India"
],
"primary_outcomes": [
"Multidimensional fatigue Inventory-20"
],
"results_posted": false,
"pubmed_results_pmid": null,
"months_since_completion": 51.1,
"note": null
},
{
"nct": "NCT06036355",
"status": "UNKNOWN",
"start": "2023-09-30",
"completion": "2024-12-30",
"enrollment": 20,
"lead_sponsor": "Shanghai Cell Therapy Group Co.,Ltd",
"lead_class": "INDUSTRY",
"countries": [
"China"
],
"primary_outcomes": [
"Concentration of double antibodies in peripheral blood",
"Concentration of NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) in peripheral blood",
"Peripheral blood NAD+",
"Cytokines (IL6, TNF- goat, INF- γ, IL-4, IL-10)",
"T cell depletion index (PD1/Tim-3/lag3)",
"T cell activation index CD107",
"T cell and NK cell function index (INF- γ) and granzyme",
"High quality Survival benefit Endpoint (DFS)",
"Survival benefit (OS)",
"Distant Metastasis-Free Survival (DMFS)"
],
"results_posted": false,
"pubmed_results_pmid": null,
"months_since_completion": 21.6,
"note": null
},
{
"nct": "NCT06776510",
"status": "RECRUITING",
"start": "2025-01-15",
"completion": "2026-03-01",
"enrollment": 20,
"lead_sponsor": "Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, China",
"lead_class": "OTHER",
"countries": [
"China"
],
"primary_outcomes": [
"Evaluation of overall efficacy response after nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/NMN treatment within 2 weeks",
"incidence of treatment-emergent Adverse Events and TRAE"
],
"results_posted": false,
"pubmed_results_pmid": "42056497",
"months_since_completion": 7.6,
"note": "reported in PMID 42056497 while the registry still lists the study as recruiting"
},
{
"nct": "NCT06889142",
"status": "NOT_YET_RECRUITING",
"start": "2025-04",
"completion": "2025-07",
"enrollment": 7,
"lead_sponsor": "TriHealth Inc.",
"lead_class": "OTHER",
"countries": [],
"primary_outcomes": [
"Primary Outcome"
],
"results_posted": false,
"pubmed_results_pmid": null,
"months_since_completion": 15.1,
"note": null
},
{
"nct": "NCT07451496",
"status": "RECRUITING",
"start": "2025-09-29",
"completion": "2026-06-30",
"enrollment": 20,
"lead_sponsor": "National University of Singapore",
"lead_class": "OTHER",
"countries": [
"Singapore"
],
"primary_outcomes": [
"Change from baseline in cardiorespiratory fitness (VO₂peak)",
"Change from baseline in muscle strength (one-repetition maximum (1RM))",
"Change from baseline in muscle mass (Ultrasound imaging)",
"Change from baseline in cognitive performance (NIH Toolbox Fluid Cognition Composite)",
"Change from baseline in immune function (CD4+: CD8+ ratio)"
],
"results_posted": false,
"pubmed_results_pmid": null,
"months_since_completion": 3.6,
"note": null
},
{
"nct": "NCT06991712",
"status": "RECRUITING",
"start": "2025-05-19",
"completion": "2026-12-31",
"enrollment": 138,
"lead_sponsor": "Christopher Kai Shun Leung",
"lead_class": "OTHER",
"countries": [
"Hong Kong"
],
"primary_outcomes": [
"Change in visual field sensitivity"
],
"results_posted": false,
"pubmed_results_pmid": null,
"months_since_completion": null,
"note": null
},
{
"nct": "NCT05038488",
"status": "COMPLETED",
"start": "2021-10-26",
"completion": "2023-08-17",
"enrollment": 42,
"lead_sponsor": "Metro International Biotech, LLC",
"lead_class": "INDUSTRY",
"countries": [
"United States"
],
"primary_outcomes": [
"Change from baseline in serum cystatin C levels"
],
"results_posted": false,
"pubmed_results_pmid": "40746868",
"months_since_completion": 38.0,
"note": null
},
{
"nct": "NCT07572825",
"status": "RECRUITING",
"start": "2026-05-08",
"completion": "2027-08-01",
"enrollment": 8,
"lead_sponsor": "Eva Morava-Kozicz",
"lead_class": "OTHER",
"countries": [
"United States"
],
"primary_outcomes": [
"Incidence of adverse events (AEs)"
],
"results_posted": false,
"pubmed_results_pmid": null,
"months_since_completion": null,
"note": null
},
{
"nct": "NCT05878119",
"status": "COMPLETED",
"start": "2023-10-25",
"completion": "2025-08-04",
"enrollment": 124,
"lead_sponsor": "Metro International Biotech, LLC",
"lead_class": "INDUSTRY",
"countries": [
"United States"
],
"primary_outcomes": [
"Change in Aerobic capacity from baseline to week 11, identified as VO2 max measured during a standardized increasing work rate treadmill protocol"
],
"results_posted": false,
"pubmed_results_pmid": null,
"months_since_completion": 14.4,
"note": null
},
{
"nct": "NCT07569627",
"status": "COMPLETED",
"start": "2022-08-01",
"completion": "2025-05-01",
"enrollment": 60,
"lead_sponsor": "University of Taipei",
"lead_class": "OTHER",
"countries": [
"Taiwan"
],
"primary_outcomes": [
"Stem cells in muscle"
],
"results_posted": false,
"pubmed_results_pmid": null,
"months_since_completion": 17.5,
"note": "same institution as PMID 41705654 (n=11, BFR exercise); the paper does not cite this registration and the registered design (60 participants, several arms) differs"
},
{
"nct": "NCT04910061",
"status": "COMPLETED",
"start": "2021-08-05",
"completion": "2023-03-01",
"enrollment": 24,
"lead_sponsor": "Seneque SA",
"lead_class": "INDUSTRY",
"countries": [
"Canada"
],
"primary_outcomes": [
"Safety as measured by subject incident of treatment-emergent adverse events",
"Safety as measured by subject incident of treatment-emergent clinically significant changes in vital signs",
"Safety as measured by subject incident of treatment-emergent clinically significant changes in clinical laboratory safety tests."
],
"results_posted": false,
"pubmed_results_pmid": null,
"months_since_completion": 43.6,
"note": null
},
{
"nct": "NCT06882096",
"status": "RECRUITING",
"start": "2025-04-28",
"completion": "2027-06",
"enrollment": 32,
"lead_sponsor": "Metro International Biotech, LLC",
"lead_class": "INDUSTRY",
"countries": [
"United States"
],
"primary_outcomes": [
"Labelled NAD+ in Peripheral Blood"
],
"results_posted": false,
"pubmed_results_pmid": null,
"months_since_completion": null,
"note": null
},
{
"nct": "NCT06629636",
"status": "RECRUITING",
"start": "2024-08-20",
"completion": "2026-12-31",
"enrollment": 60,
"lead_sponsor": "Sunkaky Medical Cooperation",
"lead_class": "INDUSTRY",
"countries": [
"Japan"
],
"primary_outcomes": [
"Embryo development rate",
"Changes in metabolic status",
"Clinical pregnancy rate",
"Embryo development rate",
"Embryo development rate"
],
"results_posted": false,
"pubmed_results_pmid": null,
"months_since_completion": null,
"note": null
},
{
"nct": "NCT07013591",
"status": "RECRUITING",
"start": "2026-06-10",
"completion": "2029-01-01",
"enrollment": 90,
"lead_sponsor": "Brigham and Women's Hospital",
"lead_class": "OTHER",
"countries": [
"United States"
],
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"pmid": "241840",
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"title": "Binding of N1-methylnicotinamide and p-aminohippuric acid to a particulate fraction from dog kidney.",
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"title": "Isolation of skeletal muscle nuclei.",
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"pmid": "238837",
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"title": "Excision-repair of gamma-ray-damaged thymine in bacterial and and mammalian systems.",
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"title": "Bull semen nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide nucleosidase. V. Kinetic studies.",
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"title": "The pyridine nucleotide cycle: presence of a nicotinamide mononucleotide-specific amidohydrolase in Propionibacterium shermanii.",
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"title": "Purification and properties of nicotinamide mononucleotide amidohydrolase from Azotobacter vinelandii.",
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"title": "Pyridine nucleotide synthesis. Purification of nicotinamide mononucleotide pyrophosphorylase from rat erythrocytes.",
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"title": "Cross hybridization and rate of chain elongation of the two classes of DNA intermediates.",
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"title": "Nucleotide-dependent inactivation of RNA polymerase from Bacillus brevis.",
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"title": "Metabolism of pyridine nucleotides and its relation to DNA synthesis in regenerating mouse liver.",
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"title": "The pyridine nucleotide cycle: presence of a nicotinamide mononucleotide-specific glycohydrolase in Escherichia coli.",
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"title": "[Transformation of 3-methylpyridine to biologically active derivatives and its intracellular localization in rat liver].",
"journal": "Biokhimiia",
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"title": "Nicotinamide mononucleotide. Determination of its enzymatic formation in vitro and its physiological rôle for the biosynthesis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide in mice.",
"journal": "Eur J Biochem",
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"title": "[Pyridine nucleotides. I. Nicotinamide mononucleotide deamidase and a new pathway for \"salvage synthesis\" of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide].",
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"title": "Nicotinamide nucleotide synthesis in regenerating rat liver.",
"journal": "Biochem J",
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"title": "Isolation and biochemical characterization of brush borders from rabbit kidney.",
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"title": "Regulation of tryptophan pyrrolase activity in Xanthomonas pruni.",
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"title": "The synthesis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide and poly (adenosine diphosphate ribose) in various classes of rat liver nuclei.",
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"title": "Nicotinate, quinolinate and nicotinamide as precursors in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide in barley.",
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"title": "Studies on the mechanism of rat liver nicotinamide mononucleotide pyrophosphorylase.",
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"year": 1968,
"title": "Changes in the activities of enzymes of the biosynthetic pathway of the nicotinamide nucleotides in rat mammary gland during the lactation cycle.",
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"pmid": "4296054",
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"title": "The pathway of biosynthesis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide in rat mammary gland.",
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"pmid": "4226961",
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"title": "Human liver aldehyde oxidase: differential inhibition of oxidation of charged and uncharged substrates.",
"journal": "J Clin Invest",
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"doi": "10.1172/JCI105641",
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"title": "Participation of nicotinamide mononucleotide in pyridine nucleotide synthesis in tumor and host liver.",
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"doi": "10.1139/o67-043",
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"title": "Isolation of cell nuclei from the mammalian cerebral cortex and their assortment on a morphological basis.",
"journal": "J Cell Biol",
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"doi": "10.1083/jcb.32.3.649",
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"title": "Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide pyrophosphatase in the growing and aging mosquito.",
"journal": "Biochem J",
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"title": "The requirement for bivalent cations in formation of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide by nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase of pig-liver nuclei.",
"journal": "Biochem J",
"relevance": "context",
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"title": "The concentration and biosynthesis of nicotinamide nucleotides in the livers of rats treated with carcinogens.",
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{
"pmid": "4285133",
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"title": "Nicotinamide mononucleotide pyrophosphorylase activity in animal tissues.",
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"title": "Nicotinamide mononucleotide pyrophosphorylase activity in ascites cell extracts.",
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"journal": "Biochem J",
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"pmid": "14264786",
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"title": "NIACIN METABOLISM IN MYCOBACTERIA. QUINOLINIC ACID AS A PRECURSOR OF NIACIN RIBONUCLEOTIDE AND THE DIFFERENCES IN NIACIN BIOSYNTHESIS AMONG VARIOUS SPECIES OF MYCOBACTERIA.",
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"title": "NICOTINAMIDE-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE-GLYCOHYDROLASE ACTIVITY IN EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS.",
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"title": "[ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF NAD FROM NMN AND ATP IN ISOLATED NUCLEI OF THE HEART, SKELETAL MUSCLE AND LIVER IN THE RABBIT].",
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"title": "THE ENZYMATIC CONVERSION OF QUINOLINATE TO NICOTINIC ACID MONONUCLEOTIDE IN MAMMALIAN LIVER.",
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"title": "STUDIES ON THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE. I. ENZYMIC SYNTHESIS OF NIACIN RIBONUCLEOTIDES FROM 3-HYDROXYANTHRANILIC ACID IN MAMMALIAN TISSUES.",
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"pmid": "14019961",
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"title": "Nicotinamide mononucleotide activation of new DNA-dependent polyadenylic acid synthesizing nuclear enzyme.",
"journal": "Biochem Biophys Res Commun",
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"doi": "10.1016/0006-291x(63)90024-x",
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{
"pmid": "13961280",
"year": 1962,
"title": "[Influence of human erythrocytes on the synthesis of nicotinamide mononucleotide in vitro].",
"journal": "Clin Chim Acta",
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"doi": "10.1016/0009-8981(62)90146-8",
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{
"pmid": "13908326",
"year": 1962,
"title": "[On factors altering the degree of synthesis of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NAMN) in human erythrocytes].",
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"title": "Age difference in nicotinamide mononucleotide synthesis by human erythrocytes.",
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"title": "Deamidation of nicotinamide and NMN.",
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